Controlling vehicular emissions in Beijing during the last decade Jiming Hao *, Jingnan Hu, Lixin Fu Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
1. Full citation and abstract? Citation: Jiming Hao , Jingnan Hu and Lixin Fu, “Controlling vehicular emissions in Beijing during the last decade”, ScienceDirect, Transportation Research Part A 40 (2006) 639–651, 2006. Abstract: The vehicle populations have increased significantly which causing the problems in transportation and environment. New development plans for Beijing will change the transportation structure by encouraging public transportation. The article will introduce the new development plans for Beijing will change the transportation structure by encouraging public transportation.
2. Where do the authors work, and what are their areas of expertise? Note any other publications by the authors with relevance to the 6Cities project. The authors are from Department of Environmental Science and Engineering in Tsinghua University of China.
3. What are the main findings or arguments presented in the article or report? The main point discussed in the article is the effective strategies and measures to control vehicle pollution have taken, one of which is to decrease the transportation demand and vehicle mileage traveled, and the other is to reduce the emissions per vehicle. The article also talked about assessing the environmental impact of control strategies. The study carried out by Tsinghua University. When assessing the environmental impact of control strategies, three scenarios for Beijing are designed, including No Control Scenario, Business As Usual (BAU) Scenario and Enhanced Scenario. The vehicular emissions in the Beijing urban area were compared for different years under the three scenarios.
4. Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported. The strategies and measures carried out to control vehicular emissions in Beijing, involve six categories. They are land use and traffic planning, emission control of in-use vehicles, control of new vehicles, fuel quality improvement, clean fuel vehicle technology and fiscal incentives. Land use and traffic planning: Proper land use can decrease traffic demand, so as to abate the vehicular emissions by reducing vehicle mileage traveled. It can also improve traffic conditions. Over the past half century, the plans initiated by Beijing municipal government changed Beijing from a single-centered style to “two axles, two corridors with multi-centered” style. Fig. 1 shows the current map and the new city plan in Beijing (BMICPD, 2004)
Fig. 1: Land use map up-to-date vs. the new city planning in Beijing.
Emission control of in-use vehicles: Inspection/maintenance (I/M) program is the most effective means for emission reduction of in-use vehicles. According to the studies by Tsinghua University about these programs, CO and HC emissions from in-use vehicles can be significantly reduced by I/M programs performed in Beijing. Fig. 2 shows the reduction rates of CO and HC emissions at idle and for high speed idle tests, respectively. (Hao et al., 2001b).
Fig.2: Reduction rates of CO and HC emissions by I/M programs with two speed idle tests in Beijing. (Note: Accumulative concentrations of CO emissions and HC emissions of 2452 tested vehicles at idel tests are set as 100%, respectively.)
Emission standards for new vehicles: Implementation of more stringent emission standards for new vehicles is the primary way to lower vehicle emissions in a city. Table 1 gives the emission limits for Pre-Phase 1, Phase 1, Phase 2 and Euro 3, Euro 4 emission standards for gasoline cars and heavy-duty diesel engines.
Fuel quality improvement: The more important indices reflecting gasoline quality are octane number, Reid vapor pressure (RVP), sulfur and lead content and the percentage of olefins, aromatics and oxygenate. Tables 2 and 3 provide a simplified summary of the improvement of Chinese fuel product specifications during the last decade.
Fiscal incentives: Fig. 3 shows the fiscal incentives that can be employed during the life of a car (Holman, 2001). When people purchase new cars, financial subsidies can be applied to low-emission vehicles to encourage their selection. For in-use vehicles, subsidies can be made available to promote the retrofit program when it is feasible and effective.
Fig. 3: Fiscal incentives to be employed during the life of a car.
5. What three (or more) quotes capture the message of the article or report?
“The Beijing municipal government and the public have worked hard to control vehicular emissions since 1995. Strategies and measures have been introduced to regulate land use and traffic planning, emission control of in-use vehicles and new vehicles, fuel quality improvement, introduction of clean fuel vehicle technology and fiscal incentives.”
“New development plans for Beijing will change the transportation structure by encouraging public transportation. For in-use vehicles, the I/M program has employed ASM tests since early 2003 and the government has encouraged the retirement of high-emission vehicles. For new vehicles, Beijing introduced Euro 1 and Euro 2 emission standards in early 1999 and 2003, respectively.”
“Beijing’s vehicle population growth is not likely to be reduced soon. Effective strategies and measures to control vehicle pollution have taken in two routes, one of which is to decrease the transportation demand and vehicle mileage traveled, and the other to reduce the emissions per vehicle. Most of the strategies and measures have been initiated since 1999, and together they make up the enhanced control of total vehicular emissions.”
6. What were the methods, tools and/or data used to produce the claims or arguments made in the article or report?
They introduced the study conducted by Tsinghua University and also the data from government. For the result of study is shown in fig. 2 etc. More data or analysis method has shown in the table in question 4.
7. How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
From the entire article we can figure out that Beijing municipal government has initiated more plans or policies to control the emission from vehicles. This phenomenon typically happens in metropolis. Not only the large cities have the air pollution, also the relative small cities. However, the regulations in relative small cities, like the capital of province, seem not strict like Beijing. Therefore, this is the inequity in making policies.
8. Where has this article or report been referenced or discussed? (In some journals, you can see this in a sidebar.)
Huan Liu, Kebin He, Dongquan He, Lixin Fu, Yu Zhou, Michael P. Walsh, Katherine O. Blumberg: “Analysis of the impacts of fuel sulfur on vehicle emissions in China”, ScienceDirect, accessed in 16 April 2008, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.019.
9. Can you learn anything from the article or report’s bibliography that tells us something about how the article or report was produced?
From the bibliography, a lot of data comes from Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BJEPB) and professional documents of air pollution comes from vehicles. Therefore, the article developed the idea from the common concern and also combined the precise data to support it.
Jiming Hao *, Jingnan Hu, Lixin Fu
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
1. Full citation and abstract?
Citation: Jiming Hao , Jingnan Hu and Lixin Fu, “Controlling vehicular emissions in Beijing during the last decade”, ScienceDirect, Transportation Research Part A 40 (2006) 639–651, 2006.
Abstract: The vehicle populations have increased significantly which causing the problems in transportation and environment. New development plans for Beijing will change the transportation structure by encouraging public transportation. The article will introduce the new development plans for Beijing will change the transportation structure by encouraging public transportation.
2. Where do the authors work, and what are their areas of expertise? Note any other publications by the authors with relevance to the 6Cities project.
The authors are from Department of Environmental Science and Engineering in Tsinghua University of China.
3. What are the main findings or arguments presented in the article or report?
The main point discussed in the article is the effective strategies and measures to control vehicle pollution have taken, one of which is to decrease the transportation demand and vehicle mileage traveled, and the other is to reduce the emissions per vehicle.
The article also talked about assessing the environmental impact of control strategies. The study carried out by Tsinghua University. When assessing the environmental impact of control strategies, three scenarios for Beijing are designed, including No Control Scenario, Business As Usual (BAU) Scenario and Enhanced Scenario. The vehicular emissions in the Beijing urban area were compared for different years under the three scenarios.
4. Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported.
The strategies and measures carried out to control vehicular emissions in Beijing, involve six categories.
They are land use and traffic planning, emission control of in-use vehicles, control of new vehicles, fuel quality improvement, clean fuel vehicle technology and fiscal incentives.
Land use and traffic planning: Proper land use can decrease traffic demand, so as to abate the vehicular emissions by reducing vehicle mileage traveled. It can also improve traffic conditions. Over the past half century, the plans initiated by Beijing municipal government changed Beijing from a single-centered style to “two axles, two corridors with multi-centered” style. Fig. 1 shows the current map and the new city plan in Beijing (BMICPD, 2004)
Fig. 1: Land use map up-to-date vs. the new city planning in Beijing.
Emission control of in-use vehicles: Inspection/maintenance (I/M) program is the most effective means for emission reduction of in-use vehicles. According to the studies by Tsinghua University about these programs, CO and HC emissions from in-use vehicles can be significantly reduced by I/M programs performed in Beijing. Fig. 2 shows the reduction rates of CO and HC emissions at idle and for high speed idle tests, respectively. (Hao et al., 2001b).
Fig.2: Reduction rates of CO and HC emissions by I/M programs with two speed idle tests in Beijing. (Note: Accumulative concentrations of CO emissions and HC emissions of 2452 tested vehicles at idel tests are set as 100%, respectively.)
Emission standards for new vehicles: Implementation of more stringent emission standards for new vehicles is the primary way to lower vehicle emissions in a city. Table 1 gives the emission limits for Pre-Phase 1, Phase 1, Phase 2 and Euro 3, Euro 4 emission standards for gasoline cars and heavy-duty diesel engines.
Fuel quality improvement: The more important indices reflecting gasoline quality are octane number, Reid vapor pressure (RVP), sulfur and lead content and the percentage of olefins, aromatics and oxygenate. Tables 2 and 3 provide a simplified summary of the improvement of Chinese fuel product specifications during the last decade.
Fiscal incentives: Fig. 3 shows the fiscal incentives that can be employed during the life of a car (Holman, 2001). When people purchase new cars, financial subsidies can be applied to low-emission vehicles to encourage their selection. For in-use vehicles, subsidies can be made available to promote the retrofit program when it is feasible and effective.
Fig. 3: Fiscal incentives to be employed during the life of a car.
5. What three (or more) quotes capture the message of the article or report?
“The Beijing municipal government and the public have worked hard to control vehicular emissions since 1995. Strategies and measures have been introduced to regulate land use and traffic planning, emission control of in-use vehicles and new vehicles, fuel quality improvement, introduction of clean fuel vehicle technology and fiscal incentives.”
“New development plans for Beijing will change the transportation structure by encouraging public transportation. For in-use vehicles, the I/M program has employed ASM tests since early 2003 and the government has encouraged the retirement of high-emission vehicles. For new vehicles, Beijing introduced Euro 1 and Euro 2 emission standards in early 1999 and 2003, respectively.”
“Beijing’s vehicle population growth is not likely to be reduced soon. Effective strategies and measures to control vehicle pollution have taken in two routes, one of which is to decrease the transportation demand and vehicle mileage traveled, and the other to reduce the emissions per vehicle. Most of the strategies and measures have been initiated since 1999, and together they make up the enhanced control of total vehicular emissions.”
6. What were the methods, tools and/or data used to produce the claims or arguments made in the article or report?
They introduced the study conducted by Tsinghua University and also the data from government. For the result of study is shown in fig. 2 etc. More data or analysis method has shown in the table in question 4.
7. How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
From the entire article we can figure out that Beijing municipal government has initiated more plans or policies to control the emission from vehicles. This phenomenon typically happens in metropolis. Not only the large cities have the air pollution, also the relative small cities. However, the regulations in relative small cities, like the capital of province, seem not strict like Beijing. Therefore, this is the inequity in making policies.
8. Where has this article or report been referenced or discussed? (In some journals, you can see this in a sidebar.)
Huan Liu, Kebin He, Dongquan He, Lixin Fu, Yu Zhou, Michael P. Walsh, Katherine O. Blumberg: “Analysis of the impacts of fuel sulfur on vehicle emissions in China”, ScienceDirect, accessed in 16 April 2008, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.019.
9. Can you learn anything from the article or report’s bibliography that tells us something about how the article or report was produced?
From the bibliography, a lot of data comes from Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BJEPB) and professional documents of air pollution comes from vehicles. Therefore, the article developed the idea from the common concern and also combined the precise data to support it.