Article Analyzing: Revisiting the 74th Constitutional Amendment for Better Metropolitan Governance
Citation: Silvaramakrishnan, K. (March 30th, 2013). Revisiting the 74th Constitutional Amendment for Better Metropolitan Governance. Review of Urban Affairs, XLVIIII No. 13.
Abstract: "Indian policymakers have been slow in responding to changing metropolitan forms and have largely visualized urbanisation as city expansion. As a result, metropolitan regions, which are complex entities with multiple municipal and non-municipal institutional arrangements, have become mere creatures of state governments with neither the necessary strategic flexibility nor political legitimacy. In part, this is because the 74th constitutional amendment of 1993 has failed to visualise the dynamics of large complex urban formations. This paper suggests both a need to confront this blind spot in the 74th constitutional amendment for long-term durable solutions and to creatively work through available legislative and institutional arrangements in the short to medium term" (pg.1)
Where do the authors work, and what are their areas of expertise? Note any other publications by the authors with relevance to the 6Cities project.
He wokred on the governing board in Indian Administrative Serivce and served as Secretary and Cheif Executive of the Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority
Privded framework for decentralizationa and empowerement of rural and ruban local bodeis
Joined the World Bank in 1992
writes many articles and papers on urban management, decentralization, eelctoral reofrms and the environment
What are the main findings or arguments presented in the article or report?
There are major metropolitan regions(mrs) popping up all over India and they are showing the impact of urbanization and globalization with the impact of pop up cities on the economy
Mrs end up
territorial platforms where concentrated groups of people and business compete in the global market
mult-municipal- make people rethink traditional concepts of agglomreaton economies and psoitive externailities
Arguement of Article:
revisitng the 74th Constitutional Amendement that was passed in 1993.
since the amendemnt a lot of MRS have popped up; urbanism is now not just defined as city expansion. MRS demonstrate that there are many mroe variables to the idea of urbanism and globalization
the 74th amendment was made for urban contingencys and it is not living up to its necessary requirements as these MRS' are not able to be govenerned properly or have any political legitamacy. The 74th amendment did not account for pop up urbanization to happen in the manner as it did with MRS' so author is suggesting a revist of the amendment to handle these new forms of urbanizations
Section 2: International Experiments(Urban Policy Research and Interventions)
MRS have to live up to three distinct entities
the popluation, the nation it is apart of,a nd teh international business and investigating community
Economics Magazine conduceted study on competitivess on 120 cities; came up with cities competitiveness based on:
ability to attract capital, business and talent
other reports, some done by Managing Asian Cities and the un-Habitat on teh State of the Worlds Cities says that these MRS are worriesome becasue they are disproportaionl on the poor. these citeis need to be given the same govenrmental agencies and rights as the 'big wealthy cities' because these are econmic power houses that are not proeprly regulated and end up hurting the poor.
Sectino 3: The Indian Trajectory
After Indepdence, India did not want to make 'big cities' they actually favored restrictions on metropolitan growth and discouraged new investemnts.
Gandhi was a big proponent of the negative attitude toward citeis
In order to control some of the new investments made in teh 60s, the big corproations were put outside of the cities in order to control the growth; however, on their own the cities continued to grow in economic strength(older ciies) due to locational advangaes.
Ex: Bangalore watched as big companies came inand educational instutions, which brough a lot of manpower(did not keep out the establshments)
they built up these cities under the idea thta they woudl keep things outside of the city but instead it ust made city expnasion even more porbable due to its proximit
Urban Agglomeration was recognized formatally in 1971 Census report, which was follwowed by teh creation of development authorities: Banglore implemented one in 1975, while oen of the first was done in Calcutta in 1972, Calcutta was on of the oncly ciities taht saw a recession in growth after indepdnece.
Banglore: developed a Metropolitan Development Authority)MDA) in 1985, throuhg the Bangalore Development Authority.
it was set up to have planned development, securing financial self-reliance and functional indepdnece for metropolitan area
the plans were undermined in years to come due to the delays in reinformcement by state government
Section #4: Reality verses Conceptual Frame
Collaboration:
In terms of metropoltan development authorities, for the past two decdes ,ther has been little done.
Ex: Banglare had the Bangalore Municipal Corp expand which brought about hte Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagrara Palike
end result: the expanded Bangalore Corporation is yet to settle down in terms of public acceptance or administrative requirements
Municipal Legacy
the set up is the same and needs to be fixed
they ahve ceremonial majorys, committess, adn state govenrmene dappointed chief executives. in most of the cities the big power is invested in the commissioner.
Bangalore has election for mayor every year
Jurisdications
it is frozen for the elctroal voting amonut to be changed based on geography
due to amendmnets there are more peopel in partliamnet represetnignt eh MRs
Section 5: Metropolitan Governance
list of tasks done by the MR governments
Delineation
one of the first taks of MR governance is to identifying the MR and its delineation
delineation of the MR is a matter of executives to decide on in cocner to the city of Bangalore
Regional Planning
in metropolises establithment of proper planning regime is importnat, there needs to be zoning and control of regions
right now this is goign throught the state and even though it is not bad that they are in contorl of it, the issue is that it is the amonut of discrtion avaailbe to the state-level executives.
Land Managment
critical task found by the CPR
the power of the land distruption is investment and powe rcharged, it need sto be put into the hands of hte MR but it is not being allocated corectly
Coordinating sectoral mandates
sectoral(mostly water and sewage) they have been set up with metropoltian mandatea nd none of them are able to perform the required tasks at the metropoitan level or within the metro coverage, some are private sectors
Transport:
the transport is an issue that has not been addresse dby the MRs it is an issue that keeps going and if antying is going to go more pirvatized than publically addressed
Air Pollution
highly related to vehicular growth
Big QUOTE below
Metro Poltiics
all of the MRs are on par with one anotehr in terms of their rating
**Amendment 74- has a proviso to ARtcile 243Q where the state maynot constitute a municipality in places specfed as an industrial ownershp.
Section 6
Mr was defined fo rth efirst time in the 243P Clause
Clause 3 of Artcile 243ZEstates that the second feature must
in preparing the draft development plan, the Committee shall have regard to: (i) the plans prepared by the Municipalities and the Panchayats in the Metropolitan area; (ii) matters of common interest between the Municipalities and the Panchayats, including coordinated spatial planning of the area, sharing of water and other physical and natural resources, the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation; and (iii) the overall objectives and priorities set by the Government of India and the Government of the State
third feature relats to the composion of the MPC
MPs and MLAs are significant part of the political sepcrum in an MR
LImiting MPCs
Ignoroing MPCS
some areas are implemetning the MPC and then just ignoring it and not actuallly putting it into use
Bypassing MPCs
some cities like Cyberabad and Shamshabad are just ignoring the MPCs
Section 7 - Recent Debates on the Way Forward
MRs should become new union terriorties or even new city states but at the time this does not seem appropriate
people are very against breaking up the regions into various different states that is not wanted
if there is no optoin fo the MRs, then the creation of city states or city provinces become less feasible in the Indian situation
IN delhi, chandigarh, bangalorand chennai, the Mrs cross state boundaries so it is not realistic to define metropolitan province
The kasturirangan committee report has suggested that an integrated set up along with teh bagnalore metropolitan region development authroity(BMRDA) woudl invovle 63 member MPC with 42 members to be elected and rest nominated. the idea also calls for the MPC to have the exectuive powers be made available both by law and regulation. this report was submited basck in 2008 and sinc ethen the bill that was put in place has not moved foward
Section 8
summary of the article
Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported.
Currently all natioanl govenrments are experiemnting and having a hard time coming up wiht a proper and human metropolitan govenrance sturcutre
Ex: London was set up in 1965 with 32 boroughs that disesembled in 1986 and then put back into power in 2000.
Brazil is currenlty experiemting with an elaborate set of laws and programms in its major cities of San Paulo, Rio De Janeiro and Brasilia to see what works best.
Furthemore, India is not alone but they need to try like the rest of hte world to make there cities work
Section #4
Did a 5 City Major Study about 5 MRs in India
The cities were sectioned off based o ntheir agglomeratiosn so they are bigger and higher in population than census has considered them
Ex: Mumbai popluation between 2001 and 2011 grew from 11.8 Million to 12.49 Million
even though these growths arent as large as they were from 1991 to 2001 they are still growing
The National Gross Domestic Product(GDP) is made of 10.3% from MRs- there income has been high
ex: Bangoare ahas an income of 58,000 Rs verses the urban average of 40,000 Rs
reson for this is that Bangalore is a hub for heavy industry, biotechnology and IT services(36% outsourced)
18% of the urban population are found int eh 5 top MRs, which include Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbia
Migration- it is clear that people are not moving farm to city, it is more of an intradistrict migration
high literacy rates in top cities and native langauges for region are high
All 5 major cities have major ecological plans being headed by different municipal bodies and other agencies, concercin river-front conservatoin, lkae conservation, and solid waste dipsosal
Section 6: MPC on Albatros
the governemnts were supposed to set up MPCs, places like Bangalore never set up.
What three (or more) quotes capture the message of the article or report?
"None of these("government") arrangements is free of problems. Against this backdrop, it is incumbent on us to develop our own understanding of the Indian experience."
After Indepdence, India no longer wanted big cities
“India lives in its villages”, rightly or wrongly attributed to M K Gandhi, captured India’s negative attitude towards cities.
No one steps up to implement action through teh govenremnt; example, Bangalore put in the plan in MDA but not brought forth due to lack of execution
Section #4:
As is well known, the delimitation of Parliament and assembly constituencies, which, according to the Constitution, was to be adjusted every 10 years on the basis of the census, was frozen after 1972. The reasons for the freeze through a constitutional amendment, and its impact on the representative quality of the electoral system, especially the “under-franchise of urban areas”, have been extensively discussed by various researchers.7
Section 5
Policies of demand management and regulation to contain private vehicle growth are not on the anvil of the Government of India, and they appear to be beyond the thinking and mandate of metropolitan authorities.
Section 6:
Issue at Hand: The 74th constitutional amendment does acknowledge the emergence of MRs insofar as it envisages the formation of MPCs under Article 234ZE. Under the JNNURM dispensation, all state REVIEW OF URBAN AFFAIRS 92 march 30, 2013 vol xlviII no 13 EPW Economic & Political Weekly governments were compelled to create enabling laws and constitute MPCs. In practice, MPCs have been set up only in two states – Kolkata in West Bengal after a delay of fi ve years, and Mumbai, Pune, and Nagpur in Maharashtra after a delay of 16 years with a single term of reference, which is to prepare a draft development plan for the MR
There are three aspects that are prominent and crucial in the constitutional provisions regarding the MPC. One is the defi nition of a metropolitan area in 243P Clause (c), which states that a metropolitan area means an area having a population of 10 lakh or more composed in one or more districts and consisting of two or more municipalities or panchayats or other contiguous areas specifi ed by the government of state by ‘public notifi cation’ to be a metropolitan area.
What were the methods, tools and/or data used to produce the claims or arguments made in the article or report?
a big resource used were articles and studies done by big and small schools from the London School fo Economcis to the Brookings Institute of Wasthington
Also turns to the Economist and other researching sources based out of China lik ethe Managain Asian Cities and the State of the Worlds Cities
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
slightly discuss the air and health pollution from the cars but it is not a major part of hte article
the article focuses on the control fo the govenrment in the booming cities that have no real form of municipality to control there burgeoing size
Where has this article or report been referenced or discussed? (In some journals, you can see this in a sidebar.)
This article was put in teh Economic and POlitical Weekly magaize
Can you learn anything from the article or report’s bibliography that tells us something about how the article or report was produced?
this article comes from the workings of KC Sivaramakrishnan who is a man who was invovled with municipality and govenrment of INdia for many years prior to his retirementin the early 90s. he puts a lot of his own thoughts into this article and helps formulate his ideas with a lot of statistcal workigns sucha sthe CPS which he references based on the works of major magazines/articles
What three points, details or references from the text did you follow up on to advance your understanding of how air pollution science has been produced and used in governance and education in different settings?
followed up on the work of KC Sivaramakrishnan, he was a very influrential and invovled man in govnemrent prior to his career in making articles and papers on how the govenremnt of India shoud be run
Sood, A. (2013). Urban Mutiplicities: Governing India's Megacities. Economic & Political Weekly, 95-101.
Abstract: "A recent two-day international workshop on the “Governance of Megacity Regions in India” in Mumbai revealed the multiple conceptions and contestations that drive metropolitan growth in India and around the world. Though cities globally face similar competitive pressures in an era of footloose capital flows, there were few readymade models of metropolitan governance on offer. Instead the international experience suggests that democratic processes matter as much as getting institutions right. Although questions of sustainability and resilience remained an intriguing but underexplored theme in the workshop, the increasing urgency of environmental governance agendas for India’s megacity regions emerged as a key area for future research and policy" (page 1)
Where do the authors work, and what are their areas of expertise? Note any other publications by the authors with relevance to the 6Cities project.
What are the main findings or arguments presented in the article or report?
two day workshop found that even though there are many issues in terms of govenrning these big pop up cities th environemntal governance is a fast growning piece of the project that needs to be fixed.
Bangalore is seen as the souths IT powerhouse along with Hderabad and Chennai
In 2013 the Centre for Policy Researc(CPR) and the Indian Industries(CII) met to discuss these environmental problems and govnermental neglicgence.
MEetings like this are held and normally debate on waht are the defining measures ofa city, how far does it reach and what defines a megacity. However during this meeting, though there were many topics of study, they came ot focus on the fact that the cities need to negotiate, debate, have a conversation, and partner among one another in order to tackele the issues at hand. to go forth in making these new cities better they would have to wrrk togehter; hoin addition, they would have to tackle the underexlpred environmental issues in the smae manner.
Section 1:
Megacities are defined in differnt ways by different popele
it has been said that cities are defined based on their post colonial regions which were broken up and given state defined region cities; however, this is not the case for some. Some say that cities are defined as 'metropolises' based on the traditonal multiplicties i governance strucutral definition. Another idea is tha tthe cities are broken up based on political, socila, cultureal, and caste systems.
Eco-regions and Econo-region
*Refer to Brookings Instutions in Washington again
amy liu says to define the metroplises based on their labour flows such as commuting patters
eco-regions or ecological regions which are natural systems that need cross border arrangmenets
The city relys on reosurces taht are very far outside of the city, thus it is going to tak eth citylong times to go out and try and make conservation efforts due to the fact that they are not present wihtin the city. Furthemrore, it is best to make these efforts cross borders
INdia cities face potential seismic shifts in the wake of climae change.
lots of these cities are at risk thus it is up to the cities to look at these findins and pay attenditon to the potwntial economical benefits down the road in moving to more renerwbale energy soruces
Section 2:
How Big is a City supposed to be?
The big question on how to work with these cities first must be appraoch by how are the cities going to be defined. What is going to be too big.
growth has to be approach in how to ignite, accelerate, support, control or even counter
Peripheral Cities
peri-urban growth is the area that is fact chanigng in terms of space and time, these are the areas that push the megacity boundaries outwards and have them marked up as investments in infrasturcure
there is the idea of corporate urbanism where local government facilitates private invesment within city cetners that lie outside of the megacitiies and thus elp contribute to its size.
those that live within the city limits, many are able to distinusih between thsoe that are in the actual city and the outward section by form of living, those that live i nthe city live in cated communities
Shrinking States and Expanding Regions
In some countries the big large cities in turn end up holding a great percent f of the countries population, for exampel that is hte case of London. The region of london accounts for 33% of the UKs population. However when it comes to India its 5 megacities only make up about 10% of the total population in India, a huge portion of its pepole live in the country. HOwever, these regions are huge GDP producers for the state. Thus, these cities are encouragin there to be smaller states in order to break up the regiosn more efficiently.
3. Governing Multiplicity
regardless of the multiple trial and error methods, there has not been an effective form of municipaity found when it comes ott hese megacities
State City
ON top of the ethnic, caste, and class diversities that define Indian cites, there are spatialized inequality access to public services in the cities
World Class Competition
there is growing literature focues on the globalization in the world city mode shpaing urban geographics
There are many influences on why India has not been able to keep iup in temrs of international competition and it was based on the group lvel of their policy and planning processes> had things been more organized, certain cities oculd have been built up earlier
Instituations Verses Processes
Comparison to Toronoto and London in terms of their distrubution of power and how it must be a fluid system
there is no best practice of a city as there are many out there like those in India underging what can work through susbequent trials and error
the metropolitan system set up in each city speaks a lot about the size of it
The Deamnd Side: Civic Societies
Section 4:
Statistical REgions and City Capacities
huge issue in studying the way to run a large city is the masalignmetn in data availability.
in addition, research into the actual dynamics of the day to day activity of people and their actions is hard to trace thus it is hard to devle into the lives of thseose living in the cities.
it is now being encouraged to the younger generations to go into the governemtnal of the cities and start making change and investigating how to make these cities more conncted
Section 5: Conclusion
at the workshop it shwed that as many questions were asked and not responded as those that were answered,
there is a great amount of diversity among Indi'as urban citizens
moving towards a more newer policiys and acts of research to bring together all of these progressing agglomerations.
Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported.
What three (or more) quotes capture the message of the article or report?
"At the same time, all fi ve have become, to various degrees, victims of their own success, and prey to the problems of growth – not only insuffi cient, congested, and fragmented public services and infrastructure, but also political systems that are increasingly perceived to be unresponsive"
Pune municipal councillor, asked the million-dollar question: “How big is a city supposed to be?” The concerns of agglomeration size, pattern, and growth in their many manifestations – demographic, spatial/territorial, economic – remained the stated or unstated subtext to all discussions."
'The multiplicities that plague urban governance in India can thus be seen to refl ect the multiplicity and deep interconnections between the challenges posed to and by urbanisation – political, economic, ecological, cultural, and social.'
What were the methods, tools and/or data used to produce the claims or arguments made in the article or report?
use a lot of references towards people in govnerment in India, people from economic magazies and articles, a lot of refernece tothe London School of Economics
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
health was not idscussed, it was a review again about the development of govnernment and how they can progress in the future with megacities
Where has this article or report been referenced or discussed? (In some journals, you can see this in a sidebar.)
The Article analyzed above by KC Sivaramakrshnan is referred to in this present article(section 1)
Can you learn anything from the article or report’s bibliography that tells us something about how the article or report was produced?
was based off a lot of the london school of economics nad took on more of a glboal perspective in comparisos
What three points, details or references from the text did you follow up onto advance your understanding of how air pollution science has been produced and used in governance and education in different settings?
looked into the first article a lot as a reference due to it reerring to it grealy
looked into the regions tha tthey were speaking about in order to look at the actual size of cities and get an idea baou the geographical layout of where these cities actually lie
Annotation Structure 6 Cities Article/Report Annotation Structure