Citation: Xinyan Lin and Mark Elder Major Development in China’s National Air Pollution Policies in the Early 12th Five- Year Plan, IGES Policy Report No. 2013-02.
Abstract: This report reviews recent developments in China’s formal national air pollution policies from late 2011 to late 2013 and the related legal framework and administrative structure of implementation of air pollution prevention and control measures in China. This report shows that China’s air pollution policies are made up of a range of different types of policy measures including laws, standards, regulations, action plans, and so on. Moreover, air pollution is addressed in a broad range of policy areas including overall energy policy, energy conservation, industrial policy and technology promotion. The main finding is that China has steadily strengthened its formal policies relating to air pollution during the first half of the 12th Five-Year Plan period in a variety of ways. Many changes are related the process of developing the Plan and its sub-plans, and follow the 12th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, which introduced the binding pollution reduction targets. Important new Five-Year Plans include a regional one with stronger targets for designated regions, some relating to energy conservation, environmental health, law and policy construction, as well as the Blue Sky Science and Technology Project. Many plans designate significant financing for implementation. The Total Emission Control Program and various emissions standards have been strengthened, monitoring capacity has been significantly increased, and much data has been released to the public. Revision of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law has been delayed. The most recent important initiative is the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan issued by the State Council in September 2013. This Action Plan is related to and builds on many earlier measures including the regional management system (Joint Prevention and Control) to address domestic trans-boundary air pollution. It focuses not only on pollution targets, but also industrial restructuring, industrial location, and technological innovation, as well as stronger governance. The Action Plan will be enforced by linking industrial project approvals to EIA and energy audits as well as providing linkage with senior officials’ performance evaluations. The report does not specifically analyze the effectiveness of these policies but focuses on the broad policy overview. Overall, China has adopted many broad ranging new policies, but implementation of these policies certainly remains a key challenge.
2.Where do the authors work, and what are their areas of expertise? Note any other publications by the authors with relevance to the 6Cities project.
Xinyan Lin: Area of Expertise: grant making in environmental philanthropy, political economy and sustainable development, international climate and energy policy.
Mark Elder: He is Principal Researcher and Senior Coordinator in the Programme Management Office at the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) in Japan. He has led various research projects on environmental and sustainability governance issues including: sustainable development goals, Rio+20 institutional framework for sustainable development, transboundary air pollution, regional environmental cooperation in East Asia, economic integration, biofuels, and local governance.
3.What are the main findings or arguments presented in the article or report?
Providing an overview of the legal framework and administrative implementation structure of air pollution control.
Laws, five-year plans, standards and regulations are discusses from the legal framework part and implementation by Provincial and local governments as well as by ministries are address from the administrative implementation structure of air pollution control side.
Discuss the major developments in air pollution policies in China.
In this part, the authors introduce the 12th Five- Year Plans, total emission control program, revising the air pollution prevention and control law, enhancing environmental health supervision and management, improving air quality standards, joint prevention and control of regional air pollution, the blue sky science and technology project, special measures for addressing PM, expanding the air pollution monitoring network, and the ten air pollution measure and air pollution prevention and control action plan announced by the state council in 2013.
4.Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported.
Legal Framework:
Legal Framework: the author states that Under China’s legal system, there are four laws relating to air pollution control: the Environmental Protection Law (环境保护法), the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (大气污染防治法), the Environmental Impact Assessment Law (环境影响评价法), and the Law on Promoting Clean Production (清洁空气促进法).
Laws: China’s regulations for atmospheric pollution control were first developed in 1979 in the trial version of the Environmental Protection Law (EPL), which established basic principles, regulations, and measures for air pollution prevention and control and three environmental management system were formulated :
1) The environmental impact assessment – EIA (环境影响评价), required that polluting enterprises receive written approval describing a project’s effects on the surrounding environment before being constructed.
2) The three simultaneities (三同时), required that, after undergoing an environmental impact assessment, pollution abatement installations be designed, built, and put into operation at the same time that new, reconstructed, or extended projects discharging pollutants are designed, built, and put into operation.
3) The pollution levy (排污收费), required that polluting enterprises pay a fee for emission and effluent discharges, the clearest indication that China was willing to adopt innovative market-driven measures at an early stage of development.
There are three major revises on the environmental laws in 1987, 1995 and 2000 respectively. During the final revise, the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law added a new chapter on prevention and control of pollutants discharged by motor vehicles and vessels; established regulations for pollution discharges, total emission control policies, a system of certificates for emissions discharges; designated key cities for atmospheric prevention and control; and established regulations including penalties for excessive emission discharges.
Five Year Plan: the major five year plan introduced by the authors is the 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) for National Economic and Social Development, which lays out China’s development strategies, clarifies the government’s working focus, and provides guidance for the activities of major market actors. It also functions as the basis for economic regulation, market supervision, social management, and public service. According to this Master Plan, the Chinese government should develop various sub-plans for various sectors and different levels of government. With this comprehensive decision making mechanism engaged by all the Chinese government agencies in five-year cycles, FYPs structure the nation’s planning system.
Standards and regulations: There are three major standards and regulations:
1)Ambient air quality standards regulate the ambient standards set up the basic criteria for the management and evaluation of ambient air quality, related air pollution prevention and control planning, as well as the standards for other emissions.
2)Emission standards set up limitationfor air pollutants emission in two categories. One category is for a particular industry or particular type of pollution. The other category is a general standard specified in the Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants, which includes those industries and pollutants not currently covered by any specific emission standard.
3)Pollution levies impose charges as penalty on people or companies responsible for pollution sources.
Institutional Structures
Figure 1: Environmental Governance in China
Implementation by provincial and local government/ministries: The Environmental Protection Law specifies that implementation is basically carried out by local governments as well as other ministries such as The Ministry of Finance, The Ministry of Science and Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and so on
Major developments in China’s National Air pollution Policies
Total Emission Control Program (TEC) can be thought of as having three main elements. First, it contains a variety of binding pollution reduction targets, which it allocates to provinces, other local governments, industries, and major enterprises. Second, it contains specific measures, which are mainly engineering or technological, to achieve these targets. Third, it contains a number of measures to support the implementation of the strategies which are essentially institutional and/or economic. TEC has four main “strategies:”
1) Reducing new increments of pollution discharge,
2) Accelerating the phase out of outdated production facilities,
3) Promotion of denitrification equipment, and
4) Comprehensive measures to control NOx from motor vehicles (Liu B., 2012). These strategies are divided into “tasks” (措施任务).
Revising the air pollution prevention and control law: The 12th FYP for Environmental Protection states that the existing legal system is insufficient to effectively manage China’s air pollution. One major proposed change is that the management mechanism of total emission control for key pollutants would be added as a separate article (clause). More important is the proposed establishment of new, strong sanctions against government bodies which fail to meet the ambient quality standards in key regions and rivers, and exceed the total emission allowance.
Enhancing environmental health supervision and management: Lack of a scientific foundation for environmental health measures is one major reason that the contents of current environmental laws and regulations relating to environment and health remain too general. To address these problems in China, 12th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Health Work of Environmental Protection was released. MEP has three main objectives by 2015 under the plan:
1) Establish a management team for environmental health work,
2) Complete survey on environmental health issues in national key areas, and
3) Understand the basic status of the impacts of major environmental problems on human health in key areas.
Improving air quality standards: Joint prevention of regional air pollution: joint monitoring were proposed for regional air pollution management. Key air pollutants were designated, namely SO2, NOx, PM, and VOCs. Major sources of air pollution were listed as the electric power, iron & steel, nonferrous, metals, petrochemicals, cement, and chemical industries.
ØOn 29 February 2012, the first ambient air quality standard limiting the amount of PM2.5 was approved and issued by the State Council. It requires all cities to implement the WHO’s recommended interim target-1 standard with an annual mean concentration of 35 ug/m3.
ØMany emission standards for industries have been revised or newly established since 2011. Some of them focus only on air pollution, but some include other types of pollution in addition to air pollution.
ØChina’s emission standards for new vehicles and engines are based on the European Union’s standards. The latest version of the Catalog of Newly Produced Vehicles and Engines within the National Vehicle Emission Standards, published on February 26, 2013, updates the names and addresses of vehicle manufacturers and changes in vehicle terminology.
Blue Sky technology: It is a Special Plan issued by MEP and MOST (Ministry of Science and Technology) which aims to develop atmospheric pollution control technologies, commercialize them, and develop them into viable industries. The Special Plan calls for new projects worth 100 billion RMB which would expand size of the environmental protection technology market, and it expects that the new technology should lead to a 10 percent increase in the rate of achievement of air pollution emission reduction targets.
Ten Measures:
1)Reduce pollutant emissionsthrough renovation of key industries. Accelerate the clean transformation of urban dust and fuel quality.
2) Strictly control high-energy consumption of high-pollution and other key industries’ production capacity.
3) Improve public transport and clean energy production, reducing atmospheric pollutants emission intensity by 30 percent or more by 2017.
4) Develop natural gas, coal methane and other clean energy supplies.
5) Strengthen energy-saving and environmental indicator constraints on construction, land, power and water supply.
6)Implement incentivesand constraints on new energy saving mechanisms to increase sewage collection efforts, as well as increase support for air pollution control. Strengthen international cooperation to cultivate environmental protection and new energy industries.
7) Enforce laws and standards for industrial restructuring and upgrading. Formulate or revise emission standards for key industries, using the proposed amendments of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act and other laws. Heavy polluting industries and enterprises must disclose environmental information, and urban air quality rankings and penalties for violations will be established.
8) Densely populated urban areas around the Bohai Sea, including Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and other regions, must establish joint prevention and control mechanisms on atmospheric environmental targets and assessment systems.
9) Establish local government emergency management in response to heavily polluted weather, and limit emissions from polluting enterprises and vehicles.
10)Develop a code of conduct that can be applied to the whole society, with local government taking overall responsibility on local air quality. The main responsibility for the implementation of corporate pollution lies with the State Council’s relevant departments who should advocate conservation and green consumption patterns.
5.What three (or more) quotes capture the message of the article or report?
“One key point is that the process of formulating the FYPs is one of the main mechanisms for air pollution policy development. The FYPs provide direction to the process for revising changes in laws, standards, regulations, and other policy measures and instruments for air pollution control. “
“A key point relating to the administrative structure is that multiple departments in different areas as well as different levels have roles in policy formulation and implementation. Thus, the system of air pollution policymaking and implementation in China is very complex, and this complexity poses a significant challenge to policy coordination. ”
“It is interesting that as China has moved away from the planned economy to a market economy, the planning tools and leadership promotion system from the era of the planned economy are being used to help to regulate the environmental externalities of market-led growth. Moreover, promotion of technological innovation and industrial policy to develop environmental industries is also part of the overall strategy. ”
6.What were the methods, tools and/or data used to produce the claims or arguments made in the article or report?
The authors present the plan for the master FYP.
Table 1: 12th Five‐Year Plans Related to Air Pollutio
Figure 2:Comparison of GB 3095‐2012 and WHO Ambient Air Quality Standards
Provide process for Blue Sky Technology:
Figure 3: Blue Sky Technology Process
Measures for PM 2.5 implementation:
Figure 4: PM 2.5 Implementation
7.How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
Not particularly mentioned.
8.Where has this article or report been referenced or discussed? (In some journals, you can see this in a sidebar.)
None through Google Search.
9.Can you learn anything from the article or report’s bibliography that tells us something about how the article or report was produced?
The article is produced by listing the regulations and plan, as well as limitations together and summate to a mature report.
10.What three points, details or references from the text did you follow up on to advance your understanding of how air pollution science has been produced and used in governance and education in different settings?
Measure for PM 2.5: Specific measurement on PM 2.5 required high technology on equipment. As Chinese government developing and importing high technologies from foreign countries, China was able to monitor and control the PM 2.5 concentration.
Blue Sky Technology: This Special Plan and technology identifies the national goals, strategic objectives, and priority areas of technology development in order to reach the “Blue Sky” goal.
Joint prevention: The Joint Prevention Plan designates three major regions and ten city clusters, and specifies their overall priorities. All of the key regions and city clusters should focus on PM2.5 and ozone, and additional priorities such as PM10, acid rain, SO2, NO2 and traditional coal pollution are designated for particular regions and clusters. Thus, the joint prevention technology measure and control the pollutant in air and improve people’s life quality.
1. Full citation and abstract?
Citation: Xinyan Lin and Mark Elder Major Development in China’s National Air Pollution Policies in the Early 12th Five- Year Plan, IGES Policy Report No. 2013-02.
Abstract: This report reviews recent developments in China’s formal national air pollution policies from late 2011 to late 2013 and the related legal framework and administrative structure of implementation of air pollution prevention and control measures in China. This report shows that China’s air pollution policies are made up of a range of different types of policy measures including laws, standards, regulations, action plans, and so on. Moreover, air pollution is addressed in a broad range of policy areas including overall energy policy, energy conservation, industrial policy and technology promotion. The main finding is that China has steadily strengthened its formal policies relating to air pollution during the first half of the 12th Five-Year Plan period in a variety of ways. Many changes are related the process of developing the Plan and its sub-plans, and follow the 12th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, which introduced the binding pollution reduction targets. Important new Five-Year Plans include a regional one with stronger targets for designated regions, some relating to energy conservation, environmental health, law and policy construction, as well as the Blue Sky Science and Technology Project. Many plans designate significant financing for implementation. The Total Emission Control Program and various emissions standards have been strengthened, monitoring capacity has been significantly increased, and much data has been released to the public. Revision of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law has been delayed. The most recent important initiative is the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan issued by the State Council in September 2013. This Action Plan is related to and builds on many earlier measures including the regional management system (Joint Prevention and Control) to address domestic trans-boundary air pollution. It focuses not only on pollution targets, but also industrial restructuring, industrial location, and technological innovation, as well as stronger governance. The Action Plan will be enforced by linking industrial project approvals to EIA and energy audits as well as providing linkage with senior officials’ performance evaluations. The report does not specifically analyze the effectiveness of these policies but focuses on the broad policy overview. Overall, China has adopted many broad ranging new policies, but implementation of these policies certainly remains a key challenge.
2. Where do the authors work, and what are their areas of expertise? Note any other publications by the authors with relevance to the 6Cities project.
Xinyan Lin: Area of Expertise: grant making in environmental philanthropy, political economy and sustainable development, international climate and energy policy.
Publications:Current Status and Future Potential of the Multi-pollutant Approach to Air Pollution Control in Japan, China, and South Korea, 2013, with other 6 authors. (http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/5026/attach/MPME_Paper_SEEPS_130731_submitted_130802.pdf)
Mark Elder: He is Principal Researcher and Senior Coordinator in the Programme Management Office at the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) in Japan. He has led various research projects on environmental and sustainability governance issues including: sustainable development goals, Rio+20 institutional framework for sustainable development, transboundary air pollution, regional environmental cooperation in East Asia, economic integration, biofuels, and local governance.
Publications: Upgrading The United Nations Environment Programme: A Phased Approach, 2012, with other authors. (http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/view.php?docid=3498)
3. What are the main findings or arguments presented in the article or report?
Providing an overview of the legal framework and administrative implementation structure of air pollution control.
Laws, five-year plans, standards and regulations are discusses from the legal framework part and implementation by Provincial and local governments as well as by ministries are address from the administrative implementation structure of air pollution control side.
Discuss the major developments in air pollution policies in China.
In this part, the authors introduce the 12th Five- Year Plans, total emission control program, revising the air pollution prevention and control law, enhancing environmental health supervision and management, improving air quality standards, joint prevention and control of regional air pollution, the blue sky science and technology project, special measures for addressing PM, expanding the air pollution monitoring network, and the ten air pollution measure and air pollution prevention and control action plan announced by the state council in 2013.
4. Describe at least three ways that the argument is supported.
Legal Framework:
Legal Framework: the author states that Under China’s legal system, there are four laws relating to air pollution control: the Environmental Protection Law (环境保护法), the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law (大气污染防治法), the Environmental Impact Assessment Law (环境影响评价法), and the Law on Promoting Clean Production (清洁空气促进法).
Laws: China’s regulations for atmospheric pollution control were first developed in 1979 in the trial version of the Environmental Protection Law (EPL), which established basic principles, regulations, and measures for air pollution prevention and control and three environmental management system were formulated :
1) The environmental impact assessment – EIA (环境影响评价), required that polluting enterprises receive written approval describing a project’s effects on the surrounding environment before being constructed.
2) The three simultaneities (三同时), required that, after undergoing an environmental impact assessment, pollution abatement installations be designed, built, and put into operation at the same time that new, reconstructed, or extended projects discharging pollutants are designed, built, and put into operation.
3) The pollution levy (排污收费), required that polluting enterprises pay a fee for emission and effluent discharges, the clearest indication that China was willing to adopt innovative market-driven measures at an early stage of development.
There are three major revises on the environmental laws in 1987, 1995 and 2000 respectively. During the final revise, the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law added a new chapter on prevention and control of pollutants discharged by motor vehicles and vessels; established regulations for pollution discharges, total emission control policies, a system of certificates for emissions discharges; designated key cities for atmospheric prevention and control; and established regulations including penalties for excessive emission discharges.
Five Year Plan: the major five year plan introduced by the authors is the 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) for National Economic and Social Development, which lays out China’s development strategies, clarifies the government’s working focus, and provides guidance for the activities of major market actors. It also functions as the basis for economic regulation, market supervision, social management, and public service. According to this Master Plan, the Chinese government should develop various sub-plans for various sectors and different levels of government. With this comprehensive decision making mechanism engaged by all the Chinese government agencies in five-year cycles, FYPs structure the nation’s planning system.
Standards and regulations: There are three major standards and regulations:
1) Ambient air quality standards regulate the ambient standards set up the basic criteria for the management and evaluation of ambient air quality, related air pollution prevention and control planning, as well as the standards for other emissions.
2) Emission standards set up limitationfor air pollutants emission in two categories. One category is for a particular industry or particular type of pollution. The other category is a general standard specified in the Integrated Emission Standard of Air Pollutants, which includes those industries and pollutants not currently covered by any specific emission standard.
3) Pollution levies impose charges as penalty on people or companies responsible for pollution sources.
Institutional Structures
Figure 1: Environmental Governance in China
Implementation by provincial and local government/ministries: The Environmental Protection Law specifies that implementation is basically carried out by local governments as well as other ministries such as The Ministry of Finance, The Ministry of Science and Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and so on
Major developments in China’s National Air pollution Policies
Total Emission Control Program (TEC) can be thought of as having three main elements. First, it contains a variety of binding pollution reduction targets, which it allocates to provinces, other local governments, industries, and major enterprises. Second, it contains specific measures, which are mainly engineering or technological, to achieve these targets. Third, it contains a number of measures to support the implementation of the strategies which are essentially institutional and/or economic. TEC has four main “strategies:”
1) Reducing new increments of pollution discharge,
2) Accelerating the phase out of outdated production facilities,
3) Promotion of denitrification equipment, and
4) Comprehensive measures to control NOx from motor vehicles (Liu B., 2012). These strategies are divided into “tasks” (措施任务).
Revising the air pollution prevention and control law: The 12th FYP for Environmental Protection states that the existing legal system is insufficient to effectively manage China’s air pollution. One major proposed change is that the management mechanism of total emission control for key pollutants would be added as a separate article (clause). More important is the proposed establishment of new, strong sanctions against government bodies which fail to meet the ambient quality standards in key regions and rivers, and exceed the total emission allowance.
Enhancing environmental health supervision and management: Lack of a scientific foundation for environmental health measures is one major reason that the contents of current environmental laws and regulations relating to environment and health remain too general. To address these problems in China, 12th Five-Year Plan for Environmental Health Work of Environmental Protection was released. MEP has three main objectives by 2015 under the plan:
1) Establish a management team for environmental health work,
2) Complete survey on environmental health issues in national key areas, and
3) Understand the basic status of the impacts of major environmental problems on human health in key areas.
Improving air quality standards: Joint prevention of regional air pollution: joint monitoring were proposed for regional air pollution management. Key air pollutants were designated, namely SO2, NOx, PM, and VOCs. Major sources of air pollution were listed as the electric power, iron & steel, nonferrous, metals, petrochemicals, cement, and chemical industries.
Blue Sky technology: It is a Special Plan issued by MEP and MOST (Ministry of Science and Technology) which aims to develop atmospheric pollution control technologies, commercialize them, and develop them into viable industries. The Special Plan calls for new projects worth 100 billion RMB which would expand size of the environmental protection technology market, and it expects that the new technology should lead to a 10 percent increase in the rate of achievement of air pollution emission reduction targets.
Ten Measures:
1) Reduce pollutant emissionsthrough renovation of key industries. Accelerate the clean transformation of urban dust and fuel quality.
2) Strictly control high-energy consumption of high-pollution and other key industries’ production capacity.
3) Improve public transport and clean energy production, reducing atmospheric pollutants emission intensity by 30 percent or more by 2017.
4) Develop natural gas, coal methane and other clean energy supplies.
5) Strengthen energy-saving and environmental indicator constraints on construction, land, power and water supply.
6) Implement incentivesand constraints on new energy saving mechanisms to increase sewage collection efforts, as well as increase support for air pollution control. Strengthen international cooperation to cultivate environmental protection and new energy industries.
7) Enforce laws and standards for industrial restructuring and upgrading. Formulate or revise emission standards for key industries, using the proposed amendments of the Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act and other laws. Heavy polluting industries and enterprises must disclose environmental information, and urban air quality rankings and penalties for violations will be established.
8) Densely populated urban areas around the Bohai Sea, including Beijing, Tianjin, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and other regions, must establish joint prevention and control mechanisms on atmospheric environmental targets and assessment systems.
9) Establish local government emergency management in response to heavily polluted weather, and limit emissions from polluting enterprises and vehicles.
10)Develop a code of conduct that can be applied to the whole society, with local government taking overall responsibility on local air quality. The main responsibility for the implementation of corporate pollution lies with the State Council’s relevant departments who should advocate conservation and green consumption patterns.
5. What three (or more) quotes capture the message of the article or report?
“One key point is that the process of formulating the FYPs is one of the main mechanisms for air pollution policy development. The FYPs provide direction to the process for revising changes in laws, standards, regulations, and other policy measures and instruments for air pollution control. “
“A key point relating to the administrative structure is that multiple departments in different areas as well as different levels have roles in policy formulation and implementation. Thus, the system of air pollution policymaking and implementation in China is very complex, and this complexity poses a significant challenge to policy coordination. ”
“It is interesting that as China has moved away from the planned economy to a market economy, the planning tools and leadership promotion system from the era of the planned economy are being used to help to regulate the environmental externalities of market-led growth. Moreover, promotion of technological innovation and industrial policy to develop environmental industries is also part of the overall strategy. ”
6. What were the methods, tools and/or data used to produce the claims or arguments made in the article or report?
The authors present the plan for the master FYP.
Table 1: 12th Five‐Year Plans Related to Air Pollutio
Figure 2: Comparison of GB 3095‐2012 and WHO Ambient Air Quality Standards
Provide process for Blue Sky Technology:
Figure 3: Blue Sky Technology Process
Measures for PM 2.5 implementation:
Figure 4: PM 2.5 Implementation
7. How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
Not particularly mentioned.
8. Where has this article or report been referenced or discussed? (In some journals, you can see this in a sidebar.)
None through Google Search.
9. Can you learn anything from the article or report’s bibliography that tells us something about how the article or report was produced?
The article is produced by listing the regulations and plan, as well as limitations together and summate to a mature report.
10. What three points, details or references from the text did you follow up on to advance your understanding of how air pollution science has been produced and used in governance and education in different settings?
Measure for PM 2.5: Specific measurement on PM 2.5 required high technology on equipment. As Chinese government developing and importing high technologies from foreign countries, China was able to monitor and control the PM 2.5 concentration.
Blue Sky Technology: This Special Plan and technology identifies the national goals, strategic objectives, and priority areas of technology development in order to reach the “Blue Sky” goal.
Joint prevention: The Joint Prevention Plan designates three major regions and ten city clusters, and specifies their overall priorities. All of the key regions and city clusters should focus on PM2.5 and ozone, and additional priorities such as PM10, acid rain, SO2, NO2 and traditional coal pollution are designated for particular regions and clusters. Thus, the joint prevention technology measure and control the pollutant in air and improve people’s life quality.