Wei, Jiuchang, Xiumei Guo, Dora Marinova, and Jin Fan. “Industrial SO2 Pollution and Agricultural Losses in China: Evidence from Heavy Air Polluters.” Journal of Cleaner Production 64 (February 1, 2014): 404–13. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.027.
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article? “The cost of agricultural losses due to pollution is estimated at US$ 1.43 billion, representing 0.66% of the total agricultural value added of the 899 Chinese counties” “Unless these costs are valued, it is difficult to assess the impact of industrialization on farmers. The availability of estimates like this can encourage the government to put tougher regulations in place, including taxes and fines.”
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported? The main point of the article is to measure the negative industrial externalities (SO2 pollution) on China’s agricultural industry in an effort to push policy forward.
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.) The primary actors are the urban vs rural regions of China. Those regions are divided into the agricultural industry and the polluting industrial companies. Primary organizations are focused through a macroeconomic scale. The studies assess the big picture of China’s SO2 pollution as opposed to a case study focusing on one farm facing negative externalities.
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article? The responsibility of Chinese governments to take action with regards to air pollution policy because it is negatively affecting their large agricultural industry. This article is advocating for Chinese environmental policy.
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report? The primary conclusion addresses the issue of equity when it comes to the two major actors. Like most environmental cases, one party suffers the consequences of another party’s actions.
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Methods:
The human capital approach
Opportunity cost and market value method
Impact pathway approach
How much of the Chinese GDP falls under the agricultural industry
Chinese airborne pollution monitors.
Source Annotation #2 Full citation and link
Ibrahiem, Dalia M. “Evaluating Cost of Air Pollution from Using Fossil Fuels in Some Industries in Egypt.” Advances in Management and Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (2015): 27–39.
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article? “combustion of fossil fuels have a negative effect on health and environment in form of hidden costs or externalities that are not reflected in market prices and so not counted by the society and National Research Council in United States calculated these hidden costs and found that monetized damages totaled more than 120 billion dollar in 2005”
“As for the cost of air pollution it ranges from 95.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4493 million dollar using coal in Steel industry as shown in table 4, while in Aluminium industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 6.75 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 316 million dollar using coal as shown in table 6, and in Cement industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 106.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4992 million dollar using coal”
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported? Looking into the cost of air pollutions resulting from fossil fuels used in development in Egypt.
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.) Energy Sector in Egypt Ministry of Petroleum Oversees upstream and downstream gas and oil activities Ministry of Electricity and Energy Owns state entities in the energy sector and is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricty Steel Industry Known as one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth Airports, bridges, construction, consumer goods Aluminum Industry Most energy intensive industry in Egypt Egyptalum is one of the main producers of primary Aluminum in Egypt Cement Industry 12th largest cement industry in the world (USGS 2013) Have trouble reaching full capacity due to energy shortages
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article? Industrial development and exports lead to emissions which are expensive. These developments stem from Egypt’s three major industries using fossil fuels.
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report? This article has a very weak focus on health disparities, it seems as if it is solely an economic assessment of negative externalities. The intended actions based on the study’s results will in fact benefit society, but looking into the aim of this study seems clearly economic.
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Al-Moafy method to evaluate the cost of air pollution from combustion of fossil fuels
Environmental regulations of Egypt
Sox, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5
Source Annotation #3
Full citation and link
Devos, Stefanie, Bianca Cox, Stijn Dhondt, Tim Nawrot, and Koen Putman. “Cost Saving Potential in Cardiovascular Hospital Costs due to Reduction in Air Pollution.” Science of The Total Environment 527–28 (September 15, 2015): 413–19. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.104.
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article? “We describe a methodological framework to estimate potential cost savings in Belgium for a decrease in cardiovascular emergency admissions (ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart rhythm disturbances (HRD), and heart failure) due to a reduction in air pollution.” “Annual hospital cost savings for Belgium were estimated for two scenarios on the decrease of air pollution: 1) 10% reduction in each of the pollutants and 2) reduction towards annual WHO guidelines.” “The economic implications of air pollution-related illnesses for society are inevitable but are often overlooked and/or underestimated by policy makers (Landrigan, 2012, Guo et al., 2010 and Pervin et al., 2008). However, reductions in air pollution exposure, at every level, are expected to result in a reduction in total external costs. From this perspective, economic data are needed for the debate on priority settings in public health.”
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported? Reduction of air pollution with result in reduced hospital costs from emergency admission.
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Belgian Interregional Environmental Agency
Control the monitoring stations for PM10, PM2.5, and NO2
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article? The responsibility for regulation to reduce air pollution to therefore reduce the health costs of air pollution to hospitals. In this case, hospitals are faced with the costs of air pollution.
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report? Health is the primary focus in this study. They not only tie specific pollutants to cardiovascular illnesses, they tie the economic burden to hospitals themselves. This nexus of factors creates a complex framework in which they based conclusions. (NOTE: this study is drastically different from the other sources listed.)
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Illnesses proven to be associated with air pollution
Economics of Hospitals
The total cost of air pollution to Belgium
Source Annotation #1 · Full citation and link Wei, Jiuchang, Xiumei Guo, Dora Marinova, and Jin Fan. “Industrial SO2 Pollution and Agricultural Losses in China: Evidence from Heavy Air Polluters.” Journal of Cleaner Production 64 (February 1, 2014): 404–13. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.027. · What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“The cost of agricultural losses due to pollution is estimated at US$ 1.43 billion, representing 0.66% of the total agricultural value added of the 899 Chinese counties”
“Unless these costs are valued, it is difficult to assess the impact of industrialization on farmers. The availability of estimates like this can encourage the government to put tougher regulations in place, including taxes and fines.”
· What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
The main point of the article is to measure the negative industrial externalities (SO2 pollution) on China’s agricultural industry in an effort to push policy forward.
· What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
The primary actors are the urban vs rural regions of China. Those regions are divided into the agricultural industry and the polluting industrial companies. Primary organizations are focused through a macroeconomic scale. The studies assess the big picture of China’s SO2 pollution as opposed to a case study focusing on one farm facing negative externalities.
· What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
The responsibility of Chinese governments to take action with regards to air pollution policy because it is negatively affecting their large agricultural industry. This article is advocating for Chinese environmental policy.
· How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
The primary conclusion addresses the issue of equity when it comes to the two major actors. Like most environmental cases, one party suffers the consequences of another party’s actions.
· What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Methods:
The human capital approach
Opportunity cost and market value method
Impact pathway approach
How much of the Chinese GDP falls under the agricultural industry
Chinese airborne pollution monitors.
Source Annotation #2 · Full citation and link · Ibrahiem, Dalia M. “Evaluating Cost of Air Pollution from Using Fossil Fuels in Some Industries in Egypt.” Advances in Management and Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (2015): 27–39. · What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“combustion of fossil fuels have a negative effect on health and environment in form of hidden costs or externalities that are not reflected in market prices and so not counted by the society and National Research Council in United States calculated these hidden costs and found that monetized damages totaled more than 120 billion dollar in 2005”
“As for the cost of air pollution it ranges from 95.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4493 million dollar using coal in Steel industry as shown in table 4, while in Aluminium industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 6.75 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 316 million dollar using coal as shown in table 6, and in Cement industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 106.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4992 million dollar using coal”
· What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
Looking into the cost of air pollutions resulting from fossil fuels used in development in Egypt.
· What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Energy Sector in Egypt
Ministry of Petroleum
Oversees upstream and downstream gas and oil activities
Ministry of Electricity and Energy
Owns state entities in the energy sector and is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricty
Steel Industry
Known as one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth
Airports, bridges, construction, consumer goods
Aluminum Industry
Most energy intensive industry in Egypt
Egyptalum is one of the main producers of primary Aluminum in Egypt
Cement Industry
12th largest cement industry in the world (USGS 2013)
Have trouble reaching full capacity due to energy shortages
· What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
Industrial development and exports lead to emissions which are expensive. These developments stem from Egypt’s three major industries using fossil fuels.
· How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
This article has a very weak focus on health disparities, it seems as if it is solely an economic assessment of negative externalities. The intended actions based on the study’s results will in fact benefit society, but looking into the aim of this study seems clearly economic.
· What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Al-Moafy method to evaluate the cost of air pollution from combustion of fossil fuels
Environmental regulations of Egypt
Sox, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5
Source Annotation #3 · Full citation and link · What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“We describe a methodological framework to estimate potential cost savings in Belgium for a decrease in cardiovascular emergency admissions (ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart rhythm disturbances (HRD), and heart failure) due to a reduction in air pollution.”
“Annual hospital cost savings for Belgium were estimated for two scenarios on the decrease of air pollution: 1) 10% reduction in each of the pollutants and 2) reduction towards annual WHO guidelines.”
“The economic implications of air pollution-related illnesses for society are inevitable but are often overlooked and/or underestimated by policy makers (Landrigan, 2012, Guo et al., 2010 and Pervin et al., 2008). However, reductions in air pollution exposure, at every level, are expected to result in a reduction in total external costs. From this perspective, economic data are needed for the debate on priority settings in public health.”
· What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
Reduction of air pollution with result in reduced hospital costs from emergency admission.
· What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Belgian Interregional Environmental Agency
Control the monitoring stations for PM10, PM2.5, and NO2
· What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
The responsibility for regulation to reduce air pollution to therefore reduce the health costs of air pollution to hospitals. In this case, hospitals are faced with the costs of air pollution.
· How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report? · Health is the primary focus in this study. They not only tie specific pollutants to cardiovascular illnesses, they tie the economic burden to hospitals themselves. This nexus of factors creates a complex framework in which they based conclusions. (NOTE: this study is drastically different from the other sources listed.) · What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Illnesses proven to be associated with air pollution
Full citation and link
Wei, Jiuchang, Xiumei Guo, Dora Marinova, and Jin Fan. “Industrial SO2 Pollution and Agricultural Losses in China: Evidence from Heavy Air Polluters.” Journal of Cleaner Production 64 (February 1, 2014): 404–13. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.027.
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“The cost of agricultural losses due to pollution is estimated at US$ 1.43 billion, representing 0.66% of the total agricultural value added of the 899 Chinese counties”
“Unless these costs are valued, it is difficult to assess the impact of industrialization on farmers. The availability of estimates like this can encourage the government to put tougher regulations in place, including taxes and fines.”
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
The main point of the article is to measure the negative industrial externalities (SO2 pollution) on China’s agricultural industry in an effort to push policy forward.
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
The primary actors are the urban vs rural regions of China. Those regions are divided into the agricultural industry and the polluting industrial companies. Primary organizations are focused through a macroeconomic scale. The studies assess the big picture of China’s SO2 pollution as opposed to a case study focusing on one farm facing negative externalities.
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
The responsibility of Chinese governments to take action with regards to air pollution policy because it is negatively affecting their large agricultural industry. This article is advocating for Chinese environmental policy.
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
The primary conclusion addresses the issue of equity when it comes to the two major actors. Like most environmental cases, one party suffers the consequences of another party’s actions.
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Source Annotation #2
Full citation and link
Ibrahiem, Dalia M. “Evaluating Cost of Air Pollution from Using Fossil Fuels in Some Industries in Egypt.” Advances in Management and Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (2015): 27–39.
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“combustion of fossil fuels have a negative effect on health and environment in form of hidden costs or externalities that are not reflected in market prices and so not counted by the society and National Research Council in United States calculated these hidden costs and found that monetized damages totaled more than 120 billion dollar in 2005”
“As for the cost of air pollution it ranges from 95.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4493 million dollar using coal in Steel industry as shown in table 4, while in Aluminium industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 6.75 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 316 million dollar using coal as shown in table 6, and in Cement industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 106.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4992 million dollar using coal”
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
Looking into the cost of air pollutions resulting from fossil fuels used in development in Egypt.
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Energy Sector in Egypt
Ministry of Petroleum
Oversees upstream and downstream gas and oil activities
Ministry of Electricity and Energy
Owns state entities in the energy sector and is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricty
Steel Industry
Known as one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth
Airports, bridges, construction, consumer goods
Aluminum Industry
Most energy intensive industry in Egypt
Egyptalum is one of the main producers of primary Aluminum in Egypt
Cement Industry
12th largest cement industry in the world (USGS 2013)
Have trouble reaching full capacity due to energy shortages
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
Industrial development and exports lead to emissions which are expensive. These developments stem from Egypt’s three major industries using fossil fuels.
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
This article has a very weak focus on health disparities, it seems as if it is solely an economic assessment of negative externalities. The intended actions based on the study’s results will in fact benefit society, but looking into the aim of this study seems clearly economic.
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Source Annotation #3
Full citation and link
Devos, Stefanie, Bianca Cox, Stijn Dhondt, Tim Nawrot, and Koen Putman. “Cost Saving Potential in Cardiovascular Hospital Costs due to Reduction in Air Pollution.” Science of The Total Environment 527–28 (September 15, 2015): 413–19. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.104.
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“We describe a methodological framework to estimate potential cost savings in Belgium for a decrease in cardiovascular emergency admissions (ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart rhythm disturbances (HRD), and heart failure) due to a reduction in air pollution.”
“Annual hospital cost savings for Belgium were estimated for two scenarios on the decrease of air pollution: 1) 10% reduction in each of the pollutants and 2) reduction towards annual WHO guidelines.”
“The economic implications of air pollution-related illnesses for society are inevitable but are often overlooked and/or underestimated by policy makers (Landrigan, 2012, Guo et al., 2010 and Pervin et al., 2008). However, reductions in air pollution exposure, at every level, are expected to result in a reduction in total external costs. From this perspective, economic data are needed for the debate on priority settings in public health.”
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
Reduction of air pollution with result in reduced hospital costs from emergency admission.
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
The responsibility for regulation to reduce air pollution to therefore reduce the health costs of air pollution to hospitals. In this case, hospitals are faced with the costs of air pollution.
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
Health is the primary focus in this study. They not only tie specific pollutants to cardiovascular illnesses, they tie the economic burden to hospitals themselves. This nexus of factors creates a complex framework in which they based conclusions. (NOTE: this study is drastically different from the other sources listed.)
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Source Annotation #1
· Full citation and link
Wei, Jiuchang, Xiumei Guo, Dora Marinova, and Jin Fan. “Industrial SO2 Pollution and Agricultural Losses in China: Evidence from Heavy Air Polluters.” Journal of Cleaner Production 64 (February 1, 2014): 404–13. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.027.
· What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
- “The cost of agricultural losses due to pollution is estimated at US$ 1.43 billion, representing 0.66% of the total agricultural value added of the 899 Chinese counties”
- “Unless these costs are valued, it is difficult to assess the impact of industrialization on farmers. The availability of estimates like this can encourage the government to put tougher regulations in place, including taxes and fines.”
· What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?- The main point of the article is to measure the negative industrial externalities (SO2 pollution) on China’s agricultural industry in an effort to push policy forward.
· What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)- The primary actors are the urban vs rural regions of China. Those regions are divided into the agricultural industry and the polluting industrial companies. Primary organizations are focused through a macroeconomic scale. The studies assess the big picture of China’s SO2 pollution as opposed to a case study focusing on one farm facing negative externalities.
· What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?- The responsibility of Chinese governments to take action with regards to air pollution policy because it is negatively affecting their large agricultural industry. This article is advocating for Chinese environmental policy.
· How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?- The primary conclusion addresses the issue of equity when it comes to the two major actors. Like most environmental cases, one party suffers the consequences of another party’s actions.
· What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?Source Annotation #2
· Full citation and link
· Ibrahiem, Dalia M. “Evaluating Cost of Air Pollution from Using Fossil Fuels in Some Industries in Egypt.” Advances in Management and Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (2015): 27–39.
· What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
- “combustion of fossil fuels have a negative effect on health and environment in form of hidden costs or externalities that are not reflected in market prices and so not counted by the society and National Research Council in United States calculated these hidden costs and found that monetized damages totaled more than 120 billion dollar in 2005”
- “As for the cost of air pollution it ranges from 95.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4493 million dollar using coal in Steel industry as shown in table 4, while in Aluminium industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 6.75 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 316 million dollar using coal as shown in table 6, and in Cement industry the cost of air pollution ranges from 106.9 million dollar on average using natural gas to reach the highest level 4992 million dollar using coal”
· What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?- Looking into the cost of air pollutions resulting from fossil fuels used in development in Egypt.
· What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)- Energy Sector in Egypt
- Ministry of Petroleum
- Oversees upstream and downstream gas and oil activities
- Ministry of Electricity and Energy
- Owns state entities in the energy sector and is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricty
- Steel Industry
- Known as one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth
- Airports, bridges, construction, consumer goods
- Aluminum Industry
- Most energy intensive industry in Egypt
- Egyptalum is one of the main producers of primary Aluminum in Egypt
- Cement Industry
- 12th largest cement industry in the world (USGS 2013)
- Have trouble reaching full capacity due to energy shortages
· What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?- Industrial development and exports lead to emissions which are expensive. These developments stem from Egypt’s three major industries using fossil fuels.
· How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?- This article has a very weak focus on health disparities, it seems as if it is solely an economic assessment of negative externalities. The intended actions based on the study’s results will in fact benefit society, but looking into the aim of this study seems clearly economic.
· What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?Source Annotation #3
· Full citation and link
· What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
- “We describe a methodological framework to estimate potential cost savings in Belgium for a decrease in cardiovascular emergency admissions (ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart rhythm disturbances (HRD), and heart failure) due to a reduction in air pollution.”
- “Annual hospital cost savings for Belgium were estimated for two scenarios on the decrease of air pollution: 1) 10% reduction in each of the pollutants and 2) reduction towards annual WHO guidelines.”
- “The economic implications of air pollution-related illnesses for society are inevitable but are often overlooked and/or underestimated by policy makers (Landrigan, 2012, Guo et al., 2010 and Pervin et al., 2008). However, reductions in air pollution exposure, at every level, are expected to result in a reduction in total external costs. From this perspective, economic data are needed for the debate on priority settings in public health.”
· What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?- Reduction of air pollution with result in reduced hospital costs from emergency admission.
· What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)- Belgian Interregional Environmental Agency
- Control the monitoring stations for PM10, PM2.5, and NO2
· What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?- The responsibility for regulation to reduce air pollution to therefore reduce the health costs of air pollution to hospitals. In this case, hospitals are faced with the costs of air pollution.
· How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?· Health is the primary focus in this study. They not only tie specific pollutants to cardiovascular illnesses, they tie the economic burden to hospitals themselves. This nexus of factors creates a complex framework in which they based conclusions. (NOTE: this study is drastically different from the other sources listed.)
· What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?