What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
About two-thirds of the semen donated to major sperm banks in Shanghai and Jinan have failed to meet the World Health Organization standard, and doctors speculate that air pollution might be responsible.
在上海最主要的精子银行中大约3/2的精液并未达到who的要求。医务人员怀疑空气污染为可能原因。
“Reproductive ability could be influenced by people’s levels of pressure, ways of living and the conditions of living, but there is no denying that pollution could be an adverse impact,” Wang Li, the director of a major sperm bank in Jinan, the provincial capital of Shangdong, told a local newspaper.
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
Main point of the article: Environment pollution can have negative influences on male’s reproductive ability although conclusive evidence has not been obtained but the lower quality of donated sperms and rising infertility rates have raised the concern. The argument is mainly supported by expert’s views.
文章大意：环境污染对人类生殖能力有负面影响。支持论据主要来自于专家观点。
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Wang Li; Director of sperm bank in Jinan; 王丽 山东大学附属生殖医院人类精子库主任
Li Zheng; Sperm expert at Shanghai’s Renji Hospital and director of Shanghai’s sperm bank; 上海市人类精子库主任、上海交通大学仁济医院泌尿外科主任医师李铮
China Meteorological Administration and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: agencies support that pollution can adversely affect human reproductive ability. 中国社科院，气象局
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
Effect: Infertility rate in China has increased approximately 12% compared to 30 years ago. 果：不孕不育率上升了12%相比于30年前。 Cause: People’s levels of pressure, living styles, air pollution. 因：压力，生活节奏及空气污染。
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues. 文中并未提及健康差异的问题。
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Why pollution can harm fertility?—A study suggests that industrial chemicals called PCBs(Polychlorinated biphenyls) and DDT can affect fertility by prolonging time to conceive. People are exposed to these chemicals through consumption of animal products. 为何空气污染能够影响生殖？一项研究发现工业化学污染会延长受孕时间。动物制品是人类受到影响的主要渠道。http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/11/14/exposure-chemicals-fertility/1703103/
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“Tackling climate change and improving living standards are compatible, says a new study which highlights economic costs of air pollution to China”
一项最新研究指出解决气候变化和发展经济并不矛盾
“Chinese PM 2.5 pollution was linked to 1.23 million premature deaths in 2010, which in monetary terms is equivalent to between 9.7% and 13.2% of GDP.”
2010年，中国的pm2.5问题造成了123万死亡相当于9.7%－13.2%的国民生产总值
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
Coal-driven air pollution in China affects about 13% of the GDP in China in the form of deaths and illness caused by air pollution. The argument is supported by points of view of an international report called Better Growth, Better Climate Report.
文章大意：燃煤带来的污染影响了约为13%的国民生产总值。支持论据来自于一份研究报告
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Better Growth Better Climate: A report written by The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, which was set up to examine whether it is possible to achieve lasting economic growth while also tackling the risks of climate change. 《更良增长 更好气候 》世界经济气候发展组织
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
Effect: Deaths and illness caused by air pollution results in loss of Chinese GDP. 果：环境污染带来死亡和国民经济总值的损失
Cause: Coal-driven air pollution; An energy supply mainly based on dirty energy(carbon-intensive of fossil fuels are responsible for 73% of power sector emission.) 因： 燃煤带来的空气污染；能源主要来自于燃煤
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues. 文中并未提及健康差异问题
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Is economic development conflicted with environmental protection: A study shows that whether the development of economy and protection of environment are conflicted depends on the economy development stage. In the developed country the developing economy and protecting environment is not a pair of contradiction because of environment improved along with the economic structure changed. But in the developing country it is a pair of contradiction because of environment worsens with a high speed economy speeding. The choice of the industrial structure is a factor affecting the environmental pollution.--Guo, Longlong, and Hongbo Ma. "Conflict between Developing Economic and Protecting Environment." Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 3 (2008). 经济发展是否与保护环境相冲突？ 一项研究发现这取决于经济发展水平。在发达国家，经济发展并不与环境保护相冲突因为经济结构已然改变。但在发展中国家，它们是相冲突的，因为工业结构影响着环境污染。
China’s Energy Problem: Although China has severe energy problem, it has led the rest of the world in renewable energy investment in 2013, spending a total of 56.3 billion dollars on wind, solar and other renewable projects. China has invested more in renewable energy than all of Europe in 2013. Forbes has definitely brought some good news on China’s renewable energy future. 中国的能源问题：尽管中国有着严重的环境问题，它依然在可持续能源的投资中领先于世界界各国。http://www.forbes.com/sites/jackperkowski/2014/06/17/china-leads-in-renewable-investment-again/
Air pollution statistics: About 1.6 million deaths a year are caused by air pollution, which is about 4400 people per day. The most deadly pollutant comes in the form of tiny particles derived from places like electric power plants and fossil fuels used in homes and factories for heating.环境污染数据：约一千六百万死亡由环境污染造成。最致命的污染物是细小的颗粒。发电机构以及燃烧石油灰会产生这些颗粒。 http://time.com/3997626/china-pollution-study/
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“Using data from China's Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), the report shows an overall increase in air quality in 358 cities compared with the January to June period in 2014.”
环保部数据显示，相比于14年上半年，358个城市的空气质量均有所上升
“The data shows PM2.5 levels in Beijing for the first six months of 2015 fell 15.2% year-on-year. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area as a whole experienced a fall of 22%; the Yangtze delta a 16% reduction; and the Pearl River delta 20.5%. The average fall across 74 major cities was 17.1%. “
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
A recent report shows that the overall air quality has increased in 358 cities in China, which the levels of PM2.5 has dropped. The main point is supported by statistics derived from studies and opinions from experts. Also, the article has placed contradicting opinions trying to provide fair and unbiased information for the judgement of readers.
文章大意：一份报告显示2015上半年在中国358个城市中，pm2.5水平有所下降。文章主要论据来自于研究数据以及专家观点。此外，本文也提供了驳斥观点以便读者作出判断
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Gan Zhongxue: Head of a special task force set up to tackle pm2.5 pollution; PM2.5特别防治小组组长甘中学
HaoJiming: Member of Chinese Academy of Engineering and expert on atmospheric pollution;中国工程院院士、大气污染防治专家郝吉明
Zhu Jianping: Deputy at MEP’s Department of Environmental Monitoring;环境保护部环境监测司副司长朱建平
Yang Jintian: Deputy chief engineer at Chinese Academy of Environmental planning;环保部环境规划院副总工程师杨金田
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
Effect: PM2.5 levels have dropped and air qualities have been improved.
果：pm2.5减少 空气质量提高 Cause: New laws and regulations were delivering results; sustained fall in coal consumption
因：法规条例收到执行效果 减少煤炭消耗
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues. 本文并未提及健康差异问题
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
Is government air pollution control working? While Beijing still ranks in the top five worst polluted provinces in China, the capital’s PM2.5 concentration improved more than 13% compared to the first quarter of 2014. However the overall situation in China is still dire. Data show that 90% of the cities that Greenpeace East Asia ranked are exceeding China’s own limit on yearly average level for particulates (PM2.5) in the air. http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/press/releases/climate-energy/2015/air-ranking-2015-Q1/ 政府的空气监管是否有用？尽管北京依然是中国空气质量最差的五个城市之一，它的pm2.5水平同比降低了13%相比于2014年第一个季度。然而中国总体的形势依旧严峻
China’s Air Pollution Policies: Here are some policies China enforces to address air pollution: Replacing coal with cleaner fuels to generate electricity; Scrapping older vehicles that lack adequate pollution control equipment; Substituting natural gas or propane for coal in residential and commercial heating and other uses. 中国的环境监管措施：用干净能源替换煤炭发电；淘汰环保不达标的机动车；将煤炭替换成天然气供暖http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR861/RAND_RR861.pdf
Indoor Air Pollution: According to a new study for the Copenhagen Consensus, the simplest solution is to replace inefficient, smoky stoves by more efficient, less smoky ones. Providing 1.4 billion people with such improved stoves would save almost 450,000 lives a year and avoid almost 2.5 billion days of illness annually. 室内空气污染： 一项研究显示： 最简洁的方式避免室内空气污染就是使用产生油烟较少的火炉 提供这样的火炉能够拯救45万人及避免2500万人患病http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/fightairpollution/2015-01/16/content_19502296.htm
What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
“As air quality hits record lows, the Chinese language has acquired a new word: “meter-busting”. Levels of pollutant PM2.5 have soared so high that monitoring equipment can no longer cope..”
“Under new emergency response measures, Beijing issued its first ever “orange” smog warning, indicating visibility at less than 200 metres. For a time, PM2.5 levels in most parts of the city were over 700 micrograms per cubic metres. “
What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
In 2013, the air quality in China has hit the new low. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei triangle in the north of the country is suffering the worst of it. Joint efforts of ministries and commissions have worked together to fight back air pollution, however whether that works is still an uncertainty. The main points are mainly backed up by the facts.
文章大意：2013年中国的空气质量突破下限。其中京津冀地区最为严重。有关部门采取了一系列措施提高空气质量，然而效果有待观望。文章论据来自于事实数据。
What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
Zhou Rong: Climate and energy campaigner at Greenpeace;绿色和平气候与能源项目主任周嵘
Li Hong: Deputy chair of the city’s Economy and Information Technology Commission; 北京市经济信息化委员会副主任李洪
What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
Effect: Air quality has worsened in Beijing and other major cities.
果： 北京以及中国其他主要城市的空气质量有所恶化 Cause: Burning of coal; air pollution emitted by cars
因：燃煤； 车辆尾气
How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues.
本文并未提及健康差异问题
What three points, details or references from the article did you follow up on to advance your understanding of the issued and actors described in the article?
China’s Coal Consumption: Coal still makes up nearly two-thirds of China's energy mix, but utilization rates at thermal power plants - nearly all coal-fired - have dropped to 52.2 percent in the first two months of this year. The demand of coal has decremented fast in the past a few months and also China’s coal imports fell 11% in 2014 compared to previous years.中国的燃煤情况－－煤矿依然占约中国能源结构的三分之二，但在今天前两个月以煤供热已减少了52.2%。煤的需求有所减少，煤的进口数量较前年减少11%。http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/26/china-coal-idUSL3N0WL32720150326
Why Beijing has the most severe air pollution? Studies reveal that spatial heterogeneity, wind speed and urban impervious surface affects the severity of air pollution. 为何北京是空气污染之都？研究显示地形，风速等因素都会影响空气污染的扩散http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10962247.2015.1007220
Orange Alerts: Once the outdoor air pollution has reached hazardous levels, urbanites in Beijing would be warned to stay indoors as much as possible. An orange alert is the new smog alert system in Beijing, which is a series of emergency measures meant to quickly reduce pollution levels and protect urbanites.橙色预警信号：橙色预警信号代表室外空气污染已经达到了危险的水平，这是北京新采用的雾霾预警系统，它衡量了雾霾情况，通告居民以保护居民健康。 http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-26272905
- Full citation and link
Lin, Luna. "Male Fertility Decline in China Linked to Air Pollution." China Dialogue. November 21, 2013. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/6523-Male-fertility-decline-in-China-linked-to-air-pollution/en.林娜，空气污染可影响生殖能力
https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/6523-Male-fertility-decline-in-China-linked-to-air-pollution/ch 2015-10-3
- What two (or more) quotes capture the message of the article?
- About two-thirds of the semen donated to major sperm banks in Shanghai and Jinan have failed to meet the World Health Organization standard, and doctors speculate that air pollution might be responsible.
- 在上海最主要的精子银行中大约3/2的精液并未达到who的要求。医务人员怀疑空气污染为可能原因。
- “Reproductive ability could be influenced by people’s levels of pressure, ways of living and the conditions of living, but there is no denying that pollution could be an adverse impact,” Wang Li, the director of a major sperm bank in Jinan, the provincial capital of Shangdong, told a local newspaper.
- 生殖能力受到人类的压力，生活环境，生活节奏所影响。然而并不能否定坏境污染也能够对人类的生殖能力造成负面影响。山东大学附属生殖医院人类精子库主任王丽在接受《大众日报》采访时说道。
- What is the main point of the article, and how is it supported?
Main point of the article: Environment pollution can have negative influences on male’s reproductive ability although conclusive evidence has not been obtained but the lower quality of donated sperms and rising infertility rates have raised the concern. The argument is mainly supported by expert’s views.文章大意：环境污染对人类生殖能力有负面影响。支持论据主要来自于专家观点。
- What actors (individuals or organizations) are referred to? (Provide names and short descriptions.)
- Wang Li; Director of sperm bank in Jinan; 王丽 山东大学附属生殖医院人类精子库主任
- Li Zheng; Sperm expert at Shanghai’s Renji Hospital and director of Shanghai’s sperm bank; 上海市人类精子库主任、上海交通大学仁济医院泌尿外科主任医师李铮
- China Meteorological Administration and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: agencies support that pollution can adversely affect human reproductive ability. 中国社科院，气象局
- What kind of causation or responsibility is argued or implied in the article?
Effect: Infertility rate in China has increased approximately 12% compared to 30 years ago. 果：不孕不育率上升了12%相比于30年前。Cause: People’s levels of pressure, living styles, air pollution. 因：压力，生活节奏及空气污染。
- How (if at all) are health disparities or other equity issues addressed in the article or report?
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues. 文中并未提及健康差异的问题。Article 2:
Bolyd, Olivia. "Human Toll of Air Pollution Could Be Costing China 13% of GDP." China Dialogue. September 16, 2014. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/7316-Human-toll-of-air-pollution-could-be-costing-China-13-of-GDP/en.
奥维里亚 博德伊 空气污染引发的健康代价恐致中国GDP折损13% 2015-10-3
Coal-driven air pollution in China affects about 13% of the GDP in China in the form of deaths and illness caused by air pollution. The argument is supported by points of view of an international report called Better Growth, Better Climate Report.
文章大意：燃煤带来的污染影响了约为13%的国民生产总值。支持论据来自于一份研究报告
Effect: Deaths and illness caused by air pollution results in loss of Chinese GDP. 果：环境污染带来死亡和国民经济总值的损失
Cause: Coal-driven air pollution; An energy supply mainly based on dirty energy(carbon-intensive of fossil fuels are responsible for 73% of power sector emission.) 因： 燃煤带来的空气污染；能源主要来自于燃煤
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues. 文中并未提及健康差异问题
Article 3:
Qin, Liu, and Chen Tongtong. "Air Quality in Most Chinese Cities Improves: Greenpeace Report." China Dialogue. July 5, 2015. Accessed October 3, 2015. https://www.chinadialogue.net/blog/8082-Air-quality-in-most-Chinese-cities-improves-Greenpeace-report/en.
刘琴 陈彤彤 中国上半年空气质量改善 2015-07-22
A recent report shows that the overall air quality has increased in 358 cities in China, which the levels of PM2.5 has dropped. The main point is supported by statistics derived from studies and opinions from experts. Also, the article has placed contradicting opinions trying to provide fair and unbiased information for the judgement of readers.
文章大意：一份报告显示2015上半年在中国358个城市中，pm2.5水平有所下降。文章主要论据来自于研究数据以及专家观点。此外，本文也提供了驳斥观点以便读者作出判断
Effect: PM2.5 levels have dropped and air qualities have been improved.
果：pm2.5减少 空气质量提高
Cause: New laws and regulations were delivering results; sustained fall in coal consumption
因：法规条例收到执行效果 减少煤炭消耗
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues. 本文并未提及健康差异问题
Article 4:
Nan, Xu, and Zhang Chun. "How Did China's Air Pollution Get This Bad?" China Dialogue. January 14, 2013. Accessed October 3, 2015.
徐楠 张春 中国最脏的日子 2013-01-04
https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5604-How-did-China-s-air-pollution-get-this-bad-.
In 2013, the air quality in China has hit the new low. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei triangle in the north of the country is suffering the worst of it. Joint efforts of ministries and commissions have worked together to fight back air pollution, however whether that works is still an uncertainty. The main points are mainly backed up by the facts.
文章大意：2013年中国的空气质量突破下限。其中京津冀地区最为严重。有关部门采取了一系列措施提高空气质量，然而效果有待观望。文章论据来自于事实数据。
Effect: Air quality has worsened in Beijing and other major cities.
果： 北京以及中国其他主要城市的空气质量有所恶化
Cause: Burning of coal; air pollution emitted by cars
因：燃煤； 车辆尾气
The article doesn’t address any health disparities issues.
本文并未提及健康差异问题